Background: Chronic viral infection results in impaired immune
responses rendering viral persistence. Here, we compared the quality of T-cell
responses among chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals by examining the levels of
expression of selected immune activation and exhaustion molecules on circulating
MAIT cells and Tfh cells. Methods: Cytokines were measured using a
commercial Bio-plex Pro Human Cytokine Grp I Panel 17-plex kit (BioRad, Hercules,
CA, USA). Inflammation was assessed by measuring an array of plasma cytokines,
and phenotypic alterations in CD4