Purpose: To evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of Palestinian women toward cesarean and vaginal deliveries in public, private and charitable hospitals. Methods: A cross-sectional survey using face-to-face interviews with a sample of 372 pregnant women at 20 and above weeks of pregnancy selected randomly and in proportion to the monthly average antenatal visits to each hospital. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, analysis of variance tests and chi-square tests. Results: The majority of participants 250 (67%) were younger than 29 years old. Most participants 325 (87%) interviewed were aware that pain and muscle weakness are greater after cesarean delivery and as much as 341 (91%) of them knew that a cesarean section (CS) is required if a baby is in the breech position. The results also showed a significant association between women’s knowledge scores and educational level, occupation and income across all 3 types of hospital. Furthermore, most women indicated that they thought it was not a women’s right to request a cesarean and that the decision to deliver by cesarean should rest with the doctors. Conclusion: Approximately 1 in every 4 births was delivered by cesarean among primiparous women (26%). Despite the high cesarean section rates seen in Palestinian hospitals, women in Ramallah predominantly prefer vaginal delivery.
One of the most frequently performed surgical operations in modern obstetrics is a Cesarean Section (CS) [1, 2, 3]; the procedure itself represents a contentious issue among health care administrators and the medical community across the world [2, 4]. Cesarean delivery rates are reported to have increased to ‘epidemic proportions’ [5], exceeding the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommended expected level of 10-15% of the population. This phenomenon continues to be observed across the globe in most countries: for example, in Brazil and China CS rates are over 50% while in 2014, in Italy and the United States CS rates were respectively 32.8% and 38.1% [6]. In neighboring countries like Egypt the rate in 2014 was 52% [7] and in Jordan in 2017 the rate was 29.1% [8]. In Palestine, according to the Palestinian Ministry of Health (PMoH) [9], the CS rate hovers around 32% and in 2018 was distributed between public and private hospitals at 27% and 36.7%, respectively. (This figure covers only the area of the West Bank currently under the direct control of the Palestinian Authority; the Gaza strip region is not included.) The current CS rate constitutes a five-fold increase from the rate recorded in 1996 of 6%.
Numerous studies attribute the increasing cesarean delivery rates to various contributing factors including for example; medical, institutional, legal, psychological and socio-demographic factors, all of which have been shown to play a role in birthing choices. For example, in South American countries, a correlation was found between the rate of CS in private hospitals and GNP per capita: in Brazil in 1998 the rate of CS in private hospitals reached 70%, which was twice that recorded in public hospitals [6]. Another example relates maternal knowledge and education as being contributory factors; a study targeting women obstetricians found that 31% of respondents had opted for an elective cesarean delivery [2], suggesting that expert knowledge of childbirth might favor choice of a cesarean delivery. In contrast, a study conducted in Nagpur, India, concluded that maternal knowledge could help lower the rates of cesarean delivery [7].
Since the beginning of the 21
In order to address this deficit, we choose to examine the level of knowledge and attitudes of Palestinian pregnant women visiting the antenatal clinics about cesarean and vaginal modes of delivery in three administratively different types of hospitals including, public, private, and charity-based, in the district of Ramallah, Palestine.
A cross-sectional survey was carried out on 372 pregnant women attending the antenatal clinics of three different hospitals in the Palestinian city of Ramallah, 10 km north of Jerusalem, between March 17 and May 30, 2019 (Table 1 gives a brief description of the three hospitals). Prior to fieldwork, formal ethical approvals for the research protocol was granted by the PMoH Research Unit as well as the respective scientific committees of the participating hospitals.
Hospital characteristics | Public hospital |
Charity hospital |
Private hospital |
National |
Number of total beds | 248 | 68 | 37 | 6,440 |
Maternity beds | 24 | 16 | 6 | - |
Total number of employees | 757 | 356 | 191 | - |
Number of doctors | 199 | 31 | 32 | 13,884 |
Number of nurses | 318 | 85 | 50 | 11,459 |
Number of administrators | 190 | 205 | 90 | - |
Specialized departments | 18 | 21 | 17 | - |
Total number of births | 5,241 | 2,829 | 1,870 | 118,811 |
Number of CS cases (%) | 1,491 (28) | 767 (27) | 706 (38) | 34,422 (29) |
Mortality rate (% from discharge) | 1.2 | - | 0.1 | - |
Using a stratified sampling technique, the sample size for each hospital was determined based on the average monthly antenatal attendance. Thus, the proportional sample size from each hospital type were as follows: 202 women from the public hospital, 70 women from the private hospital, and 100 women from the charity-based hospital. The pregnant women were chosen randomly from the daily appointment log available at each clinic, after which only those women who met the following inclusion criteria were interviewed: (i) Those being 20 weeks or above of gestational age, (ii) those having no medical condition requiring a cesarean delivery and (iii) those having provided their verbal consent.
Data were collected through interviews using a structured questionnaire adapted from previous studies [2, 3, 4]. The questionnaire was provided in Arabic (translated from English), after having had its content validity, comprehensibility and wording checked and approved by three obstetric specialists. A final version of the questionnaire was completed after it was tested for comprehensibility using 15 selected women who met the study criteria but were not included in the final study dataset. The questionnaire had four sections: the first one asked the participants about their current and previous pregnancies; secondly, the participants were asked to provide information about themselves; and the final remaining two sections inquired about the participants’ knowledge of several medical and nonmedical complications arising from cesarean and vaginal modes of delivery, and their attitude toward cesarean delivery. All interviews were conducted by either one of two qualified female field researchers.
The analysis of the data was performed using SPSS version 20. In addition to descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and chi-square tests were used to compare the groups. P-values lower than 0.05 were deemed significant. For scoring participants’ knowledge responses, one point was given for every correct answer and zero points for incorrect and ‘don’t know’ answers. Women’s knowledge scores were categorized as poor (0-5), intermediate (6-11) and good (12-17).
Table 2 shows the socio-demographic characteristics of the women who participated in this study and compares them across the three different hospitals: public; charitable and private. The majority of the participants (67% or 250 women) were younger than 29 years old. While 72% (268/372) of them had a previous experience of childbirth, the results further indicated that 93 or 25% of them had delivered their babies by cesarean, with the highest CS rate of 28.7% (58/202) found in the public hospital. In addition, regarding the participants’ level of education and employment status, 55% or 206 of them had a post-secondary qualification, and 91 (25%) were engaged in some kind of a paid work.
Characteristics | Public hospital (n = 202) | Charity hospital (n = 100) | Private hospital (n = 70) | Total (n = 372) |
Age *** | ||||
18 - 29 | 56.9 | 88.0 | 67.1 | 67.2 |
30 - 45 | 43.1 | 12.0 | 32.9 | 32.8 |
Education level | ||||
Primary | 11.9 | 7.0 | 7.1 | 9.7 |
Secondary | 40.6 | 30.0 | 25.7 | 34.9 |
College or above | 47.5 | 63.0 | 67.1 | 55.4 |
Occupation | ||||
Homemaker | 59.4 | 61.0 | 61.4 | 60.2 |
Student | 8.4 | 7.0 | 12.9 | 8.9 |
Employed | 23.3 | 26.0 | 25.7 | 24.5 |
Unemployed | 8.9 | 6.0 | - | 6.5 |
Monthly household income (Israeli Shekels) * | ||||
46.0 | 31.0 | 32.9 | 39.5 | |
3,000 - 7,000 | 44.6 | 56.0 | 61.4 | 50.8 |
7.4 | 5.0 | 4.3 | 6.2 | |
Unknown | 2.0 | 8.0 | 1.4 | 3.5 |
Community *** | ||||
City | 41.6 | 42.0 | 32.9 | 40.3 |
Village | 53.4 | 41.0 | 67.1 | 53.0 |
Camp | 5.0 | 15.0 | - | 6.7 |
Type of insurance *** | ||||
Government | 82.7 | 20.0 | 30.0 | 55.9 |
Private | 2.5 | 10.0 | 28.6 | 9.4 |
UNRWA | 3.0 | 44.0 | - | 13.4 |
No insurance | 11.9 | 26.0 | 41.4 | 21.2 |
Parity *** | ||||
Nulliparous (no previous delivery) | 21.8 | 35.0 | 32.9 | 27.4 |
Primiparous (one previous delivery) | 16.8 | 28.0 | 24.3 | 21.5 |
Multiparous (two or more previous deliveries) | 61.4 | 37.0 | 42.9 | 51.3 |
Previous delivery | ||||
Vaginal delivery | 48.5 | 46.0 | 42.9 | 46.8 |
Cesarean delivery | 28.7 | 19.0 | 22.9 | 25.0 |
CSMR | - | - | 1.4 | 0.3 |
* P value |
The results concerning the women’s level of knowledge are presented in Table 3. The majority of the women participating in this study were aware of the varied complications of CS delivery, however, there were some inconsistencies worth mentioning. For example, although 325 or 87% of them knew that pain and muscle weakness are greater after a CS and 325 (58%) were aware of the possibility of uterine scar rupture in future pregnancies, only 82 (22%) knew that CS is linked to higher maternal mortality. Another example was shown in the wide majority 341 (91%) of the women who knew that a CS is required if the fetus is in a breech position, yet only 56 (15%) realized that bleeding is more severe after a CS. Moreover, the results showed that while a clear majority of the participants were largely aware of the complications of normal delivery (ND) a relatively small percentage were aware about the increased risk of complications following ND after a previous CS (37% or 138) and how ND may increase the risk of urinary incontinence (37.6% or 140).
Knowledge Questions | Yes | No | Don’t Know |
Knowledge of Cesarean Delivery | |||
Maternal mortality is higher in CS | 22.0 | 19.1 | 58.9 |
Higher chance of acquiring an infection after a CS | 48.9 | 17.7 | 33.3 |
Higher risk of developing neonatal respiratory disorders after a CS | 30.6 | 26.1 | 43.3 |
Bleeding is much more sever after a CS | 15.1 | 62.9 | 22.0 |
CS is typically inadvisable more than three times | 40.1 | 44.9 | 15.1 |
Feeling pain and muscle weakness are complications of CS | 87.4 | 3.2 | 9.4 |
Uterine rupture in future pregnancy is a potential complication of CS | 58.6 | 19.6 | 21.8 |
Adhesions of the internal organs is a potential complication of CS | 42.7 | 12.6 | 44.6 |
CS is required if the fetus is in the breech position | 91.7 | 3.2 | 5.1 |
Knowledge of Normal Delivery | |||
Pain is less severe after ND | 74.5 | 4.0 | 21.5 |
Chances of a CS are higher in pregnant women with diabetes or HTN | 44.9 | 20.4 | 34.7 |
ND may be riskier after a previous CS | 37.1 | 51.1 | 11.8 |
ND stimulates breastfeeding | 80.4 | 15.6 | 4.0 |
ND may cause a vaginal rupture | 62.1 | 17.2 | 20.4 |
ND may cause urinary incontinence | 37.6 | 28.0 | 34.4 |
ND have shorter hospital stay and recovery | 96.5 | 2.4 | 1.1 |
ND enhances the baby’s immune system | 66.1 | 12.1 | 21.8 |
The knowledge scores of women toward different modes of delivery are shown in
Table 4. Overall, 88 (24%) of the women had good scores, 253 (68%) intermediate
scores and the remaining 31 (8%) had poor scores. When these scores were
analyzed across the three different hospitals, no significant difference in the
mean knowledge score was found.
Table 5, moreover, shows the three knowledge
score categories according to various sociodemographic characteristics of the
participants in this study. Unsurprisingly, the results showed that there was a
statistically significant association (P
Knowledge scores | Public hospital | Charity hospital | Private hospital | Total | P value |
Poor | 8.4 | 9.0 | 7.0 | 8.0 | 0.89 |
Intermediate | 66.8 | 71.0 | 67.0 | 68.0 | |
Good | 24.8 | 20.0 | 26.0 | 24.0 | |
Data were analyzed with |
Characteristics | Poor (n = 31) | Intermediate (n = 253) | Good (n = 88) |
Age | |||
18 - 29 | 9.6 | 68.7 | 21.7 |
30 - 45 | 4.9 | 67.2 | 27.9 |
Education level * | |||
Primary | 11.4 | 74.3 | 14.3 |
Secondary | 8.5 | 74.6 | 16.9 |
College or above | 6.8 | 63.4 | 29.8 |
Occupation * | |||
Homemaker | 9.4 | 69.6 | 21.0 |
Student | 15.2 | 78.5 | 9.1 |
Employed | 3.3 | 61.1 | 35.6 |
Unemployed | 4.2 | 70.8 | 25.0 |
Monthly household income (Israeli Shekels) * | |||
11.6 | 71.9 | 16.4 | |
3,000 - 7,000 | 5.3 | 66.7 | 28.0 |
- | 6.9 | 39.1 | |
Unknown | 23.1 | 61.5 | 15.4 |
Community | |||
City | 6.1 | 66.2 | 27.7 |
Village | 10.2 | 67.8 | 22 |
Camp | 4.0 | 80.0 | 16.0 |
Parity | |||
Nulliparous | 13.7 | 65.7 | 20.6 |
Primiparous | 7.7 | 71.8 | 20.5 |
Multiparous | 5.2 | 68.2 | 26.7 |
* P value |
The mean scores on the attitude scale toward different modes of delivery are presented in Table 6; overall they indicated relatively unfavorable attitudes towards having a CS delivery. The majority of the women in this study indicated that the reason for delivering a baby by cesarean section should be the ‘doctor’s recommendation’, which was found to be consistent with their responses on other reasons, most notably ‘to specify a date of birth’ and ‘CS is a modern and better method than ND’. When the women were asked about whether they believed that choosing CS should be a women’s right, even in the absence of medical reasons, most of them disagreed with a mean score 4.23. Additionally, the study examined whether women with CS history had different attitudes from nulliparous women, and whether women’s attitudes varied by type of insurance; both of which had insignificant results.
Attitudinal statements | Public hospital | Charity hospital | Private hospital |
CS is a modern and better method than ND | 3.87 | 3.96 | 4.11 |
ND creates bonding between mother and baby | 2.30 | 2.20 | 2.25 |
Babies delivered normally are healthier | 2.67 | 2.74 | 2.59 |
Affluent pregnant women may choose CS | 4.12 | 4.22 | 3.73 |
In the absence of medical reasons women have the right to choose CS | 4.27 | 4.26 | 4.16 |
CS lacks sensation and pleasure associated with the ND | 2.68 | 2.55 | 2.54 |
CS is safer for the mother and the baby than ND | 3.75 | 3.79 | 3.73 |
CS is preformed based on the doctor’s recommendation | 1.64 | 1.54 | 1.89 |
CS is chosen to avoid labor pains associated with ND | 4.12 | 4.19 | 3.71 |
CS is chosen to specify a date of birth | 4.60 | 4.44 | 4.00 |
CS is chosen to help maintain women’s sexual pleasure | 3.44 | 3.52 | 3.20 |
Tendency towards CS is stronger with available health insurance | 3.78 | 3.86 | 3.73 |
As women age the likelihood of performing a CS increases | 2.80 | 3.06 | 2.67 |
CS is chosen as a result of past stressful normal labor | 3.02 | 3.42 | 3.16 |
CS is chosen because of high anxiety and low confidence in ND | 3.04 | 3.39 | 3.13 |
CS has become a routine procedure in private hospitals | 2.31 | 2.36 | 2.34 |
CS indicates a weakness in woman’s fertility capability | 3.11 | 2.96 | 2.96 |
CS may be avoided for religious reasons | 3.89 | 3.88 | 4.17 |
If costs of CS decreases it will be chosen as a method of delivery | 3.81 | 3.60 | 2.73 |
Mean scores were calculated using 5-item scale: 1 = strongly agree, 2 = agree, 3 = cannot decide, 4 = disagree, 5 = strongly disagree. |
To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to document the knowledge and attitudes of pregnant Palestinian women (fetal age 20 weeks and above) towards modes of delivery using a survey-based approach. As previously mentioned in the introduction, the rate of CS deliveries, according to the PMoH, is well above that which the WHO recommends, with high CS rates observed across all types of hospitals globally; a trend that is also apparent in countries neighboring Palestine [8, 10, 11].
In this study, the results indicated that, despite the high CS rate [9, 15], the majority of Palestinian women receiving antenatal care demonstrated a significant awareness of CS and its possible complications. The overwhelming majority of respondents across all types of hospitals (public, charitable and private) preferred a normal vaginal delivery; most respondents demonstrated an above average level of knowledge concerning modes of deliveries. These outcomes paralleled those of comparable studies performed in other countries. For example, in Brazil preferences concerning childbirth delivery options were similar in public and private hospitals and strongly favored vaginal births, above 70% in both sectors [12]. In Tehran, Iran, a study of public and private hospitals found that although mothers demonstrated poor levels of knowledge about the risks and benefits of different modes of delivery, they still preferred vaginal birth to other delivery options (74%) and there was no significant difference among the participants in public and private hospitals in their preference of vaginal births [1]. Similar results were generated by studies among Iraqi mothers attending antenatal clinics in Baghdad [4], and Nepali women whose knowledge of the mode of delivery was medium had a strongly positive preference for a vaginal delivery birthing choice (93%) [13]. In other countries including Italy, Scotland and South Korea similar results were observed; for instance, 95% of women in South Korea showed a preference for choosing ND rather than CS [3].
Our data showed that an overwhelming majority of respondents did not believe that it is their right to request a CS even in the absence of medical reasons, which sharply differs from a Singaporean study in which 71% of women believed they had a right to demand an elective CS [2]. In contrast the women in our study strongly believed that physicians should determine the mode of delivery. This popular belief among Palestinian women is also held by Iranian women (70.9%) [1].
Furthermore, our results indicated that women with higher levels of education and relatively higher income showed higher levels of knowledge and a disinclination toward CS. This specific result is concordant with that of a Brazilian study that also showed that middle and higher class women do not want to deliver by CS [12]. A similar finding was also reported in a study carried out in Nagpur, India [14]. The present study further revealed that women’s knowledge and attitudes towards modes of delivery was not influenced by an urban as opposed to rural place of residence. This result contrasted to that of a large study across 18 Arab countries (including Palestine [15]) which found CS rates were higher among urban residents [16].
Although the majority of women in this study expressed a preference for vaginal delivery, CS deliveries continue to rise in Palestine. In this respect, there could be several possible explanations that might account for the difference between women’s expressed preference and the actual outcomes recorded. Firstly, according to several studies [8, 10, 12, 16], physicians constitute an integral part of the process of childbirth delivery and, therefore, should share some of the responsibility for increased CS rates. Secondly, the increased medicalization of birth, manifested in the rapid growth of healthcare facilities and health insurance, might have contributed to increased CS rates [3]. Thirdly, the growing privatization of healthcare and the consequent emphasis on economic incentives, according to some observers, may have also encouraged an increase in CS [17].
To the best of our knowledge our study was the first to address Palestinian women’s knowledge and attitudes towards childbirth delivery options, however there were several limitations in the study’s design. Firstly, the sole reliance in this study on a cross-sectional survey methodology did not allow for collection of data that could shed light on the possible causes for the observed CS rates and their differences among the different types of women studied. The preferred mode of delivery expressed by the women whom we interviewed in antenatal clinics may not correspond to their actual birthing choice at the time of their delivery. Secondly, while we have made effort to ensure a systematic sampling process, the generalizability of the results to other Palestinian cities, particularly Gaza, should be made with caution due to large differences in socio-economic conditions. Finally, while our study was primarily developed to examine the question of modes of birth delivery options and how they might be affected by factors thought to influence knowledge and attitudes, the study is limited in terms of the information collected regarding how these women have formed and developed their perceptions and preferences.
All authors contributed to editorial changes in the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The successful completion of this research relied on a cast of people to whom we are obliged. Chiefly, we wish to thank all the women who participated in this study and our partners, the field researchers (Razan Brieghieth and Sahar Sabaneh), for their thorough and trustworthy determination in the field. We also extend our sincere appreciation to Dr. Osama Attalah, Head of General Surgery Department at Palestine Medical Complex, whose valuable contributions to this research are from beginning to end, and by extension to gynecologists Dr. Waleed Barghouthi and Dr. Hadeel Al-Masri, and Mr. Waseem Homran for their much detailed insights. Special thanks are also due to the Palestinian Ministry of Health and the administration in those hospitals for the support and trust throughout. Last but not least, the authors are indebted to the reviewers and editors for their insights and comments which only served to improve the paper’s rigor and readability.
The authors declare no competing interests.