Despite dyslipidaemia management guidelines, many patients
do not reach low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets due to insufficiently
intensive regimens or lack of adherence to their medication. This was a retrospective cohort study on the Pharmacoepidemiologic General Research
eXtension (PGRx)-acute coronary syndrome (ACS) registry. Patients
included were
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of global morbidity and mortality,
with age-standardized CVD mortality rates in France of 275.2 and 174.1 per
100,000 people, for men and women, respectively (Townsend et al., 2016). Acute coronary
syndrome (ACS), which includes unstable angina (UA) and both non-ST-elevation
myocardial infarction (MI) and ST-elevation MI, accounts for half of all deaths
due to cardiovascular disease (Kolansky, 2009), with observed 1-year
case-fatality rates following ACS of 11.1% (Gabet et al., 2019). Treating
ACS is costly: in France, the estimated yearly cost burden (including drug,
procedures and hospitalizations), in 2018 Euro, is over
Given the established relationship between reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and decrease in the risk of suffering major vascular events (Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’, CTT), lipid-lowering therapies (LLT) are recommended in patients following an ACS by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) (Catapano et al., 2016; Mach et al., 2020; Piepoli et al., 2016). Moreover, ACS patients are recommended to start treatment with high-intensity statins as soon as possible (Class I, Level A recommendation), regardless of LDL-C levels (Ibanez et al., 2018; Roffi et al., 2016).
Despite the availability of effective therapies and clinical practice guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias, many patients, including those with ACS, do not reach LDL-C targets (Kotseva et al., 2016; Reiner et al., 2016; Schiele et al., 2018). This may be due to either a lack of awareness or compliance to guidelines around the use of more intense therapies or sub-optimal patient adherence (Deshpande et al., 2017; Kotseva et al., 2016; Laufs et al., 2016). This study describes the baseline demographics, clinical characteristics and treatment patterns (intensity and adherence) of patients treated with LLT following an ACS event in France.
We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study using the Pharmacoepidemiologic General Research eXtension program (PGRx)-ACS registry. Patients were recruited in the PGRx-ACS registry in a prospective and consecutive manner by participating cardiology centres between 2013 and 2016 (Grimaldi-Bensouda et al., 2010). The registry includes data collected both prospectively (via physicians and patient interviews) and retrospectively (via prescription records). 60 cardiology centres participated in the PGRx-ACS registry. These centres are widely distributed across France and represent a balanced range of health care settings where ACS and cardiac death patients are seen. This methodology has been used for several other studies across numerous therapeutic areas, such as oncology, psychiatry, neurology, rheumatology, internal medicine, endocrinology, and has been validated through extensive studies (Grimaldi-Bensouda et al., 2010, 2011, 2012a, 2012b, 2013, 2017).
Patients were finally included in our study if they were
LDL-C data was not registered during follow-up, so it was not possible to assess treatment effectiveness. However, there were patients in the study who had previous CVD documented before suffering the index ACS. These patients should have already been on LLT before suffering the index ACS to lower their LDL-C below the recommended levels. Therefore, and in the absence of follow-up LDL-C for the overall sample, baseline LDL-C values from this subgroup of patients (248) were used as a proxy to provide information on LDL-C goal achievement among patients diagnosed with CVD (1.8 mmol/L according to ESC/EAS guidelines in force at that time) (Reiner et al., 2011).
It was not an objective of the study to look at cardiovascular outcomes due to the limitations of the dataset and limited follow-up time frame.
Data collection in the PGRx-ACS registry was done prospectively via a physician-completed ACS/MI electronic case report form (eCRF) and patient interviews, and retrospectively via prescription data. The ACS/MI eCRF was completed for drug use with data obtained from hospital reports (e.g. discharge letters including hospital prescriptions); treating cardiologist reports and prescriptions; and treating physician or pharmacist reports (prescriptions or lists of drugs dispensed since the index ACS). The eCRF included details on the index ACS diagnosis, ACS treatment and interventions, baseline LDL-C, and history of the following medical conditions: diabetes (type 1 and 2), hypertension, ischaemic stroke (IS), transient ischemic attack, MI, UA, chronic ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, peripheral arterial disease (PAD), carotid artery disease, abdominal aortic aneurism, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and chronic kidney disease. Prescription and patient interview data provided information on drug utilization, including specific name, dose and duration, as well as BMI, alcohol consumption, smoking status and physical exercise.
Outcomes of interest included treatment intensity and adherence to LLT.
Treatment intensity was classified as low, moderate, and high based on the
American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association (ACC/AHA)
guidelines (Table S1) (Stone et al., 2014). If intensity changed during the
observation period, the intensity assigned was the one with the longest duration.
Adherence was measured using the proportion of days covered (PDC) based on
physicians’ prescriptions (Andrade et al., 2006; Anghel et al., 2019; Raebel et al., 2013). Patients with a PDC
Categorical variables were summarized by calculating the number of patients and percentages, and continuous variables were summarized by mean plus standard deviation. Demographic data, baseline clinical characteristics, treatment intensity and adherence are presented using descriptive statistics. In order to represent baseline LDL-C, the value closest to index ACS was selected for those patients with more than one measure available. LLT treatment patterns were described for the overall population.
The PGRx-ACS registry included 3,122 patients with an ACS that may or may not have been their first ACS event. Of these patients, 2,695 met the study inclusion criteria. Patients were predominantly male (77%) with a mean age of 63.1 (SD: 12.8) years (Table 1). The most common diagnosis for the index ACS event was MI (72.7%), and most patients underwent a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (81.3%) as an ACS intervention (Table 1). Patients had a mean BMI of 27.0 (SD: 4.4); among those reporting data on physical activity, nearly 60% (n = 954/1,696) reported doing more than 30 minutes of physical activity per day. Patients had a mean Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) of 2.7 (SD: 2.3) (Table 1).
N = 2,695 | |
Age at index ACS, mean (SD), years | 63.1 (12.8) |
Sex, n (%), male | 2076 (77.0) |
Diagnosis of index ACS, n (%) | |
Unstable angina | 333 (12.4) |
Myocardial infarction | 1958 (72.7) |
Not specified | 404 (15.0) |
ACS intervention, n (%) | |
Coronary artery bypass graft | 107 (4.0) |
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty | 2191 (81.3) |
Not specified | 397 (14.7) |
Body mass index, mean (SD) | 27.0 (4.4) |
Alcohol consumption, n (%) | |
Every day or several times per week | 1123 (41.7) |
Occasionally/never | 665 (24.7) |
Missing | 907 (33.7) |
Smoking status, n (%) | |
Current smoker | 560 (20.8) |
Past smoker | 936 (34.7) |
Never smoker | 778 (28.9) |
Missing | 421 (15.6) |
Physical activity, n (%) | |
30 minutes a day or less | 742 (27.5) |
More than 30 minutes daily | 954 (35.4) |
Missing | 999 (37.1) |
Place of residence, n (%) | |
Rural zone | 390 (14.5) |
Urban zone | 2296 (85.2) |
Missing | 9 (0.3) |
Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 83 (3.1) |
Hypertension or antihypertensive use, n (%) | 2255 (83.7) |
History of diabetes or antidiabetics use, n (%) | 494 (18.3) |
Charlson comorbidity index, mean (SD) | 2.7 (2.3) |
ACS, acute coronary syndrome; SD, standard deviation. |
LDL-C values at baseline were available for 77% of patients (2,076/2,695), with a mean LDL-C of 2.9 mmol/L (SD: 1.2) (Supplementary material Table S2). Among the study population, there was a trend of lower baseline LDL-C in patients with older age at time of index ACS (Fig. 1). A Pearson correlation method was used to evaluate the relationship between age and baseline LDL-C. The correlation coefficient (95% CI) between age and LDL-C was equal to -0.20 (-0.24; -0.16) suggesting that there was a small negative linear relationship between age and LDL-C (i.e. the older the age of the patient, the lower was the baseline LDL-C).
Representation of LDL-C values (mmol/L) at the time of presenting with an Acute Coronary Syndrome (baseline LDL-C) by age. The red line represents the trend based on a linear model.
There was a sizeable amount of patients presenting with very high LDL-C values,
with 4.6% of patients with LDL-C
The majority of patients were started on a high (56.4%, 1,520/2,695) or
moderate (36.0%, 971/2,695) intensity statin, whereas only 3.2% of patients
(86/2,695) were on low intensity statins. A further 1.7% (46/2,695) were on
statin/ezetimibe combination, 1.6% (42/2,695) on other LLT and 1.1% (30/2,695)
on ezetimibe monotherapy alone. Age and baseline LDL-C were drivers of treatment
intensity (Fig. 2). The use of high intensity statins decreased with age:
69.2% of patients aged
Representation of the proportion of patients treated with each LLT category following an ACS, according to age (A) and according to baseline LDL-C (mmol/L) (B).
Around 70% of patients were considered adherent (defined as PDC
Prior to index ACS, a total of 310 patients had a documented CVD event (237 with
previous MI, 49 with a previous IS, 15 with a previous MI and IS and 9 with
documented PAD); of these, 248 had baseline LDL-C values available. At time of
index ACS, 67.3% (167/248) of patients were already being treated with LLT
(prevalent LLT users); and the remaining 32.7% (81/248) initiated LLT treatment
for the first time following the index ACS event (incident LLT users). Just over
31% of patients (79/248) had reached a LDL-C level
LDL-C (mmol/L) at baseline, N (%) | LLT Treatment Users | ||
All | Incident users | Prevalent users | |
All | 248 (100.0%) | 81 (32.7%) | 167 (67.3%) |
79 (31.9%) | 22 (27.2%*) | 57 (34.1%*) | |
163 (65.7%) | 45 (55.6%*) | 118 (70.7%*) | |
*Defined as previous MI, ischaemic stroke or peripheral arterial disease.LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LLT, lipid-lowering therapy; CVD, cardiovascular disease. |
Among these 310 patients with previous CVD, 69.7% (216) were adherent (PDC
In this study, we found that a substantial proportion of patients in France were not treated with high intensity statins after suffering an ACS (even fewer patients were on ezetimibe/statin combination) and only 70% of patients were defined as adherent within the follow-up period. Conversely, very few patients (around 3%) were on low intensity statins following an ACS. It’s also noteworthy that in patients who had been previously diagnosed with CVD, almost one third of them were not receiving statin therapy at the time of suffering the index ACS.
ESC/EAS guidelines recommend first-line therapy with statin LLTs to reduce the risk of CVD outcomes and to start high-intensity statins as soon as possible for patents hospitalized with ACS, irrespective of their LDL-C level (Catapano et al., 2016; Mach et al., 2020; Piepoli et al., 2016; Schiele et al., 2018). At the time of this study, recommendations stated target levels of LDL-C of less than 1.8 mmol/L (Reiner et al., 2011), and 32% of patients met this target. More recent guidelines have lowered the LDL-C target to 1.4 mmol/L; based on this updated recommendation, only 15% (38/248) would have met the target levels (Mach et al., 2020). This low utilization of high intensity statins leaves patients with an ACS at considerable risk of subsequent cardiovascular events (Boklage et al., 2018). In France, a previous real-world effectiveness study done with the PGRx registry demonstrated that statin use was associated with decreased risk of first non-fatal ACS (adjusted odds ratio, 0.67) (Grimaldi-Bensouda et al., 2013).
Patient adherence in our study was sub-optimal, with 70% of patients defined as adherent within one year of follow-up. Previous studies have found that treatment adherence has as much of an impact on reducing the risk of CVD as treatment intensity (Khunti et al., 2018). Strategies to increase treatment adherence among patients should be explored to increase the effectiveness of LLT.
In the present study, we identified a large proportion of patients potentially representing patients with FH. Despite the increased risk of suffering from CVD in this group of patients, most of these patients remained untreated. These findings are consistent with results from another study that found that over one-quarter of FH patients in France may not be receiving LLT and only 13% of those treated with LLTs received high intensity statins (Berard et al., 2019). FH is associated with a 2-fold increased risk of coronary event recurrence at one year following an ACS event (Nanchen et al., 2016). Efforts should be undertaken to identify and adequately control young patients with potentially high LDL-C, as they are at higher risk of excess morbidity and mortality related to dyslipidaemias (Schiele et al., 2018).
Several studies have examined treatment patterns of LLT in a French population.
Results from a multicentre European survey, including centres in France, found
that there are patients with very-high risk who remain untreated: 1 out of every
10 patients discharged from the hospital after a coronary event did not receive
any statin treatment (Reiner et al., 2016). Ferrières et al.
examined LLT utilization and lipid goal attainment in a 2015 population of French
patients with atherosclerotic CVD disease with or without diabetes, including
patients recently diagnosed with an ACS (Ferrières et al., 2018). Similar
to our study, they found that LLT usage and LDL-C goal achievement were
suboptimal in recent ACS patients with only 75% prescribed an LLT therapy and
29% of patients achieving LDL-C levels
Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the discordance between guideline recommendations and what is observed in practice. It may be possible that clinicians are either not aware of guideline recommendations or are avoiding higher-intensity regimens due to concerns about possible side effects (Laufs et al., 2016). Patients’ attitude towards statin therapy, as influenced by the media, and thus the decision to discontinue or continue statin therapy, may result in observed lower prevalence of LLT therapy (Nielsen and Nordestgaard, 2016). Despite the unfavourable context in France for statins for cardiovascular prevention during the study period (Bezin et al., 2014), we found overall adherence to be 70% of patients, similar to what was observed in other studies (Danese et al., 2017; Naderi et al., 2012).
This study’s key strength is that it uses a real-world dataset, the PGRx-ACS registry, which reflects cardiologist practice conditions in France. Previous studies using these networks have shown that cases and referents are very representative of the population observed in clinical practice (Grimaldi-Bensouda et al., 2010). Further, demographic and clinical characteristics from the current study are also similar to those reported in the EURHOBOP study, a benchmarking study of ACS management in Europe, including France (André et al., 2014). Despite using patient-reported data, the PGRx database has also shown good concordance between physician and patient report of CVD drug utilization (Grimaldi-Bensouda et al., 2010).
Our study also has limitations. The study may not be generalizable to all French patients with ACS since patients in PGRx are recruited by cardiologists and not from a general practice setting; however, in clinical practice, the majority of ACS patients are treated by cardiologists in the first months following the event (Massoullie:2016). Missing data are a reality in real-world secondary databases; in this study nearly a quarter of patients had missing LDL-C values at baseline. The proportion of missing data, however, did not appear to differ according to age. Finally, we only had access in our study to limited information (mainly baseline LDL-C) as compared to all the clinical data available to the physician when confronted to the prescription decision. Hence, clinicians may be guided in clinical practice by other sources of data such as imaging at the time of the ACS (multivessel disease vs single lesions) or other forms such as OCT (optical coherence tomography) of other non-culprit lesions. The information provided by these techniques may lead to the clinician to place a patient at an even higher level of risk and to strive to an even lower LDL-C goal with the use of additional and more intensive lipid lowering therapies.
Managing ACS correctly is critical as adherence to guidelines is associated with better patient prognosis in both the acute phase of the syndrome and in longer term secondary prevention (Sabouret et al., 2010). Based on the data observed in this study, there is potential to improve management of patients with ACS, thereby reducing mortality and higher case-fatality rates. Strategies to better identify at-risk patients along with improving compliance with dyslipidemia guidelines, treatment adherence and optimization of therapy, may lead to better LDL-C goal attainment and improved CVD outcomes among patients hospitalized for ACS in France, particularly for those with possible FH and those with a prior history of CVD.
AK, FSV and GD contributed to the conception and design of the study. GG conducted the statistical analysis. All authors contributed to the analysis and/or interpretation of the data for this study. AK and FSV drafted the manuscript. All authors critically revised the manuscript. All authors gave final approval and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the study, ensuring integrity and accuracy.
This research has been performed on the PGRx dataset which has been approved by the French Data Protection Authority (Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés). All patients included in the PRGx database provided informed consent. As the study was a retrospective analysis using secondary anonymized patient data only, no additional ethical approval was needed.
Lianne Barnieh, a Certara employee, provided assistance on editing the final manuscript. PGRx- ACS data is a proprietary asset of Centre for Risk Research Inc, Montreal, Canada. Data for this study was provided by Centre for Risk Research Inc, Montreal, Canada by permission.
This study was funded by Amgen (Europe) GmbH.
EB declares having received honoraria from Amgen, MSD, Sanofi and Regeneron, Unilever, Danone, Aegerion, Chiesi, Rottapharm-MEDA, Servier, lonis-pharmaceuticals, AKCEA, Mylan and GENFIT. FS-V, GD and PN are full-time employees at Amgen and own Amgen stock options. AK and GG are full-time employees of Certara, Evidence & Access (previously - Analytica Laser), that received consulting fees from Amgen to conduct the study. EB received consulting fees from Amgen.