IMR Press / RCM / Volume 22 / Issue 3 / DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2203069
Open Access Review
The ‘diamond’ approach to personalized drug treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
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1 Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
2 Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, 400060 Chongqing, China
3 Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Red Cross Hospital, 400020 Chongqing, China
*Correspondence: pp841103@sina.com (Peng Pu); zzuo-cq@hotmail.com (Zhong Zuo)
These authors contributed equally.
Academic Editor: Brian Tomlinson
Rev. Cardiovasc. Med. 2021, 22(3), 573–584; https://doi.org/10.31083/j.rcm2203069
Submitted: 14 July 2021 | Revised: 3 August 2021 | Accepted: 20 August 2021 | Published: 24 September 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Cardiovascular Medicine in Asia 2021)
Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s). Published by IMR Press.
This is an open access article under the CC BY 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Abstract

Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome with symptoms and signs due to cardiac dysfunction, leading to high hospitalization and morbidity. HF treatment has rapidly developed in recent decades, and breakthroughs have been made. Although conventional neurohormonal blockade therapies, including β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), significantly improve the prognosis of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), mortality and rehospitalization remain high. Therefore, new therapies are needed. Previous studies demonstrated that ivabradine, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, vericiguat, and omecamtiv mecarbil (OM) are beneficial for HFrEF. However, there is a lack of systematic review of the most optimal manner to use under various clinical conditions. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding these therapies to give suggestions regarding clinical use timing, application scope, and optimal therapies under various conditions. Most importantly, we propose the HF diamond approach to express the necessity of conjunction of therapies. Different from the current guidelines, we suggest to use the diamond approach in an early and comprehensive manner at the beginning of ventricular remodeling in HFrEF to prevent further deterioration of HF and maximize the prognosis of patients.

Keywords
Heart failure
Diamond approach
New therapies
Individualized treatment
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