IMR Press / FBL / Volume 29 / Issue 2 / DOI: 10.31083/j.fbl2902078
Open Access Original Research
The Large Ectodomain of APP Prevents APP from being Directly Cleaved by γ-Secretase
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1 The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100053 Beijing, China
*Correspondence: wangz@xwhosp.org (Zhe Wang)
Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed) 2024, 29(2), 78; https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbl2902078
Submitted: 28 October 2023 | Revised: 30 November 2023 | Accepted: 19 December 2023 | Published: 21 February 2024
Copyright: © 2024 The Author(s). Published by IMR Press.
This is an open access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Abstract

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the deposition of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in the brain. Aβ is produced by sequential β- and γ-secretase cleavages of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Clinical trials targeting β- and γ-secretases have all failed, partly because of the strong side effects. The aims of this work were to determine if the direct cleavage of APP by γ-secretase inhibits Aβ production, and to identify γ-cleavage-inhibiting signals within APP that can be targeted to prevent Aβ generation without inhibiting any enzyme. Methods: An APP mutant mimicking secreted APPγ was overexpressed in cells to test β-cleavage and Aβ production. APP deletion and truncation mutants were overexpressed in cells to identify the γ-secretase-inhibiting domain. The intracellular transport of the mutants was examined using immunofluorescence. Co-immunoprecipitation was performed to investigate the molecular mechanisms. Results: The APP N-terminal fragment mimicking the direct γ-cleavage product was not cleaved by beta-secretase 1 to produce detectable Aβ. However, in cells, the C-terminal fragments of APP longer than the last 116 residues could not be cleaved by γ-secretase in cells. No deletion mutant was cleaved by γ-secretase. C99, the direct precursor of Aβ, was no longer a γ-secretase substrate when green fluorescent protein was fused to its N-terminus. The large ectodomains prevented access to γ-secretase. Conclusions: Enabling the direct γ-cleavage of APP is a new and valid strategy to reduce Aβ. However, APP does not inhibit γ-cleavage via a specific inhibitory sequence in the ectodomain. Other methods to fulfill the strategy may benefit AD prevention and therapy.

Keywords
Alzheimer's disease
amyloid-β
amyloid precursor protein
γ-secretase
nicastrin
Funding
81870832/National Natural Science Foundation of China
KZ202010025040/Beijing Committees of Education-Science Foundation of Beijing joint fund
Figures
Fig. 1.
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