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Non-Traditional Risk Factors as Contributors to Cardiovascular Disease
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1
Department of Cardiology, Hebei Yanda Hospital, 065201 Langfang, Hebei, China
2
Department of Hematology, Hebei Yanda Lu Daopei Hospital, 065201 Langfang, Hebei, China
3
Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100016 Beijing, China
*Correspondence: kuibaoli@126.com (Kuibao Li)
Rev. Cardiovasc. Med. 2023, 24(5), 134;
https://doi.org/10.31083/j.rcm2405134
Submitted: 6 September 2022 | Revised: 18 November 2022 | Accepted: 11 January 2023 | Published: 28 April 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases—Volume 2)
Copyright: © 2023 The Author(s). Published by IMR Press.
This is an open access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains one of the primary causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Classic cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), hyperlipidemia, and smoking, have been well identified and given increased attention in clinical practice. However, the incidence and prevalence of CVD remains high, especially in developing countries. Therefore, there has been more attention to non-traditional CVD risk factors such as gut microbiota, sleep disorders, dietary structure, and psychosocial factors in their important roles in the development of CVD. In this review we summarize the association of non-traditional risk factors with CVD with the aim of further reducing the risk of CVD.
Keywords
cardiovascular disease
cardiovascular risk
gut microbiota
sleep disorder
psychosocial factors
Vitamin D deficiency
environmental exposure
hyperhomocysteinemia
hyperuricemia
Funding
20220967/Study on the cut-off value of inflammation-related indicators in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction combined with infection
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