IMR Press / RCM / Volume 25 / Issue 4 / DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2504144
Open Access Review
An Updated Review of the Management of Chronic Heart Failure in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
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1 Renal and Transplantation Unit, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust London, SW17 0QT London, UK
2 Cardiovascular and Genetics Research Institute St George’s University of London, SW17 0QT London, UK
*Correspondence: Debasish.banerjee@stgeorges.nhs.uk (Debasish Banerjee)
Rev. Cardiovasc. Med. 2024, 25(4), 144; https://doi.org/10.31083/j.rcm2504144
Submitted: 10 October 2023 | Revised: 1 December 2023 | Accepted: 7 December 2023 | Published: 11 April 2024
Copyright: © 2024 The Author(s). Published by IMR Press.
This is an open access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common in patients with heart failure (HF) and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. There has been remarkable progress in the treatment of HF over recent years with the establishment of guideline-directed medical therapies including: (1) Beta-blockers, (2) renal angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibition (i.e., angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor [ACEi], aldosterone receptor blocker [ARB] or angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor [ARNI]); (3) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA), and (4) sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i). However, there are challenges to the implementation of these medications in patients with concomitant CKD due to increased vulnerability to common side-effects (including worsening renal function, hyperkalaemia, hypotension), and most of the pivotal trials which provide evidence of the efficacy of these medications excluded patients with severe CKD. Patients with CKD and HF often have regular healthcare encounters with multiple professionals and can receive conflicting guidance regarding their medication. Thus, despite being at higher risk of adverse cardiovascular events, patients who have both HF and CKD are more likely to be under-optimised on evidence-based therapies. This review is an updated summary of the evidence available for the management of HF (including reduced, mildly reduced and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction) in patients with various stages of CKD. The review covers the evidence for recommended medications, devices such as implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), intravenous (IV) iron, and discusses how frailty affects the management of these patients. It also considers emerging evidence for the prevention of HF in the cohort of patients with CKD. It synthesises the available evidence regarding when to temporarily stop, continue or rechallenge medications in this cohort. Chronic HF in context of CKD remains a challenging scenario for clinicians to manage, which is usually complicated by frailty, multimorbidity and polypharmacy. Treatment should be tailored to a patients individual needs and management in specialised cardio-renal clinics with a multi-disciplinary team approach has been recommended. This review offers a concise summary on this expansive topic.

Keywords
heart failure
chronic kidney disease
management
review
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